How to Prevent Counterfeit of Song Dynasty's Paper Currency
The third step of the ancient papermaking depicted in "Tiangong Kaiwu" is to enter the curtain. Take out the boiled raw materials and put them in a stone mortar to make a muddy shape. Then mix with appropriate amount of water to completely separate the fibers and saturate the water into a suspension of paper fibers. Then pour it into the paper trough and use Filtration from the pulp. Paper fibers will remain on the bamboo curtain to form a layer of paper film. Paper craftsmen repeated the actions of scooping water and raising bamboo curtains at the edge of the paper trough, each bearing a weight of up to 20 kg. The difficulty of copying paper is also that the light paper that is copied will be too thin, and the heavy paper that is copied is too thick, all based on the experience of the craftsman. In the Tang Dynasty, Chengdu people created water-grained paper and wrote a glorious page in the history of papermaking. The practice of watermark paper is to print the flower method similar to the woodcut watermark. The second is to print the dark flower method, which is now known as the watermark. In the Song Dynasty, Chengdu ’s special-made paper was specially calendered during the papermaking process, making it difficult to counterfeit. Therefore, the papers for the Song Dynasty banknotes, including Jiaozi, were all manufactured in Chengdu. The process of making water-textured paper was used as the security of banknotes One of the measures. So far, watermarks are widely used to print high-quality official paper, banknotes, passports, certificates, account books, etc. that require anti-counterfeiting. Counterfeit currency disrupts Jiangnan economy In the sixteenth year of Jiading (1223), Emperor Ningzong Emperor Zhao Kuo received an official manuscript saying that "the counterfeit (counterfeit paper currency) has been very serious over the years", and the number of repossessions exceeded the number of issuances. In this regard, Ning Zong is deeply worried. Banknotes issued by the two Song governments, regardless of whether they are handed in, or Qianyin and Huizi, are issued in stages and are regularly collected. It is held every two years and then extended to four years, or even every eight years. The chapter wrote: After the issuance of one banknote, "it is consumed by fire, water, and damage", plus other reasons why it cannot be exchanged after the expiry date, the number should be greatly reduced, but by the date of the collection of banknotes, "the number often overflows , The number of counterfeit (counterfeit money) is also known ". As early as the early Southern Song Dynasty, Chuanshan Xuanfu envoy Zhang Jun cracked the gang of counterfeit paper money, arrested 50 criminals, and seized 300,000 yuan. The Song Dynasty Luo Dajing "Helin Yulu" also recorded: "There are scholars who teach (Li Quan, who is entrenched in the Song and Jin border areas, seizes the regime), and make the coupons (paper money) in the style of the court, (Li) all follow It ’s hard to make. People who have held the Jiangnan market ca n’t change it, and they can use it for a while, and Jiangnan is cheap. â€Because Li Quan has too many counterfeit banknotes, it can be counterfeit, making the currency of Jiangnan depreciate and disrupting the economy. order. Sichuan paper currency is the most anti-counterfeiting In the Song Dynasty, there were three key points in printing banknotes: first, the template, which was originally carved with wood, and later changed to copperplate. In addition to the text, the template also has a "hidden title number" and a "house character" pattern. The second is printing, which is printed on the same color paper, and also used in color registration. Most of them use Zhu and Mo colors, and there are official seals, and there are escorts (signatures that are cursive). The third is that paper for printing banknotes needs to be specially manufactured. Song Dynasty paper money, including Jiaozi, is made in Chengdu. If the manufacturing of paper money is compared with the copper coin manufacturing process described in "Tiangong Kaiwu", it is actually more difficult to manufacture paper money than copper coins, and it is not easy to forge. "Song History · Shihuozhi" records: "The first two realms (issued banknotes), use Sichuan paper, the materials are both refined, the workmanship is meticulous, the people want to be false, it is still difficult." Su Zhi once said: "The Shu people have a lot of money, and they always sell a hundred." Jiaozi is popular because of its portability, and its actual value exceeds the face value. From one side, it shows that there are few counterfeiters in the early release of Jiaozi. However, in order to cope with the increasing military and political expenditures, the Song government has issued more and more paper money, with hundreds of millions of dollars, and the demand for paper has surged. Chengdu ’s special paper is in short supply, and it uses Huizhou paper and Xingdu (Hangzhou). Special paper makes up for the shortcomings, and the level of folk papermaking technology is sufficient to use fake paper, fake emblem paper and Xingdu paper. "Song Lizong Chun? Three years (1243), an official suggested:" Chen Yu thought that when copying, add paper, wide leave project (referring to not demanding output), extremely delicate, so that people can not be hypocrites, Shang Ye The law of prohibiting arrests, with persuasion and strong precautions, makes people dare not to be counterfeiters, and secondly. "This official emphasized: To guard against counterfeiters, the best policy is to work hard on paper. It is difficult to counterfeit. Rich dark lines on water grain paper Why is the special paper made in Chengdu difficult to be counterfeited? Special calendering was mainly carried out in the papermaking process. This kind of special calendered paper is usually called water grain paper, also known as flower curtain paper. Yang Shen's "Dan Lead General Record" said: "Tang Shi has juÄn paper, a 'Yanbo paper', and the paper texture is like water grain." Water grain paper comes from Shu man-made ten-color paper. Dark lines appear only when transmitted through the light source. Su Yijian's "Four Books in the Study" said: Shu man-made ten-color notes, "one by one on the text version, it will hide the flowers and scales, thousands of forms." Recorded in the "Paper Note Book" by Fei: in Chengdu , "Everything made of paper must be rotted with a pestle and cleaned with polyester, and then made with the breadth of the breadth (lengthen the paper with stone to make the paper smooth and have dark patterns). Qi Jin is a figure and flower, a insect and a bird, and a Ding Yi. Although it is changeable, it is also suitable for the time. "From the above description and documentation, it can be seen that the method of making water grain paper can be summarized as: the printed flower method, similar Woodcut watermarking is to weave patterns such as flowers, birds, insects, fish and landscape figures on the paper curtain, which are slightly convex on the curtain surface. When making paper, the pulp at the protrusions is thin, so the pattern is transparent and appears on the paper. The second is the dark printing method, which is to press the wet paper between two wooden and bamboo models with concave and convex patterns carved on the front and back, and press the paper with strong force to print one by one to make the paper hide the patterns. When the paper is laid flat, no transparent graphics can be seen. When the paper is raised to look at the light, the pattern is clearly visible, which is now known as the watermark. Early watermark papers were mostly letterheads, poems, and placard papers. By the Song Dynasty, the process of making water-textured paper was used to counterfeit banknotes. Subsequently, it spread to foreign countries in the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. In the 13th century, Italian craftsmen compiled alphanumerics or images on papermaking webs, leaving watermarks on paper pages as trademarks. This was the first time watermarks were applied in the West. Today, watermarks are widely used to print high-quality official paper, banknotes, passports, certificates, and account books that require anti-counterfeiting. Of course, modern watermark paper is much more precise than when printing crosses. It is made by printing wet paper through mercury rollers and squeezing rollers decorated with concave and convex patterns on a round screen or long screen paper machine. , Yin and Yang pattern watermark, wet pressure watermark, imitation watermark and so on. Although there are many types of anti-counterfeiting watermarks, their origins are all from the watermark paper created by the Chengdu people in the Tang Dynasty. This is another glorious record of Chengdu people in the history of papermaking.
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