Product packaging techniques, regulations and disposal of packaging waste

First, commodity packaging techniques

Commodity packaging techniques refer to the techniques and methods used in packaging operations. Only through packaging techniques can the packaging and the goods form a whole. The packaging techniques are closely related to the various functions of the packaging, especially the protection functions. The purpose of using various packaging techniques is to properly and reasonably protect the quality of goods with different characteristics. Sometimes, two or more techniques are used in combination to achieve better protection. With the advancement of science and technology, commodity packaging techniques are continuously improving. There are many product packaging techniques. Here are some examples.

(a) Blister packaging and body packaging

Blister packs are a method of wrapping a product between a blister and a base formed with a transparent plastic sheet. Skin-fitting packaging is to place the product on a breathable floor board made of cardboard or plastic sheet, cover the heated and softened plastic sheet, and vacuum the bottom board so that the sheet is tightly wrapped around the goods and sealed on the floor all around. One of the packaging methods. Blister packs and body packs are mostly used for the packaging of daily commodities. They are characterized by being transparent and intuitive, with good protection and easy for sale and display.

(B) vacuum packaging and inflatable packaging

Vacuum packaging is a packaging method in which goods are packed into airtight packaging containers, the air inside the containers is drawn, and the sealed containers are brought to a predetermined degree of vacuum. This method is generally used for high fat and low moisture food packaging, its role is to exclude oxygen, reduce or avoid fat oxidation, and can inhibit the proliferation of mold or other aerobic microorganisms. Vacuum packaging, such as packaging for light industrial products, can reduce the volume of packaged goods, reduce circulation costs, while also preventing insects, mildew. Inflatable packaging is developed on the basis of vacuum packaging. It is a packaging method that puts goods into airtight packaging containers and replaces the original air in the containers with inert gas such as nitrogen and nitrogen dioxide. Inflatable packaging is mainly used for food packaging, its role is to slow down or avoid the oxidative deterioration of food, but also to prevent the metal packaging containers due to the pressure inside and outside the tank and easy to occur in the tin can problem. In addition, inflatable packaging technology is also used for daily industrial products anti-rust and anti-mildew.

(three) shrink packaging

The shrink wrap is a packaging method in which a shrink film is used as a packaging material and wrapped around the outside of the product, and the film is heated and heated at an appropriate temperature to automatically shrink the tightly wrapped product by heat. Shrink film is a kind of plastic film that has been specially stretched and cooled. It contains a certain amount of shrinkage stress. This kind of stress will automatically disappear when it is reheated. The film will shrink sharply in its length and width, and the thickness will increase. The inner packaged goods are tightly wrapped and play a good packaging effect. Shrink packaging has the characteristics of transparency, compactness, uniformity, stability and aesthetics. At the same time, due to its good sealing performance, it also has the functions of protection against moisture, dust, pollution, and theft. Shrink wrapping is suitable for the packaging of foods, daily-use industrial products and textiles, and is particularly suitable for the packaging of irregularly shaped goods.

(d) stretch packaging

Stretch packaging is the use of elastic (stretchable) plastic film, under normal temperature and tension, wrapping one or more items, stretching the film in all directions, so that the goods are tightly wrapped and sealed. It has basically the same effect as the shrink packaging technique. Its characteristics are:

1. Use this kind of packaging without heating, it is suitable for those products that are afraid of heating such as fresh meat, frozen food, vegetables and so on.

2. Can accurately control the wrapping force to prevent the product from being crushed.

3. Because there is no need to heat shrink equipment, equipment investment and equipment maintenance costs can be saved, and energy can also be saved.

(v) Aseptic packaging

Aseptic packaging is suitable for liquid food packaging, that is, a new technology developed on the basis of canned packaging. In aseptic packaging, food and containers are sterilized and cooled separately, and then packaged and sealed in a sterile room. Compared with canned packaging, aseptic packaging features: can better preserve the original food nutrients, color, smell, taste and tissue state; sterilization required heat energy than cans by 25% -50%; The use of non-heat-resistant, non-pressure-resistant containers, such as plastic bottles, cardboard boxes, etc., reduces both costs and convenience for consumers.

(6) Silicon window modified atmosphere packaging

The silicon window modified atmosphere packaging is a method of laminating a silicone rubber window on a plastic bag and adjusting the composition of the gas components through micropores on the silicone rubber window. This method is suitable for the packaging of fruits and vegetables. The permeability of the silicon window is several tens to several hundred times larger than that of polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, so that the oxygen required for the physiological metabolism of fruits and vegetables, and the discharged carbon dioxide, ethylene, etc., can be exchanged through the silicon window and the atmosphere outside the packaging. Because the microclimate created by the packaging is suitable for the preservation of fruits and vegetables, the modified storage of fruits and vegetables increases its storage resistance.

(g) moisture-proof packaging

Moisture-proof packaging is the use of materials with a certain ability to isolate water vapor, made into a sealed container, using a variety of techniques to block the impact of water vapor on the interior goods. Metal and glass are the best in moisture-proof packaging materials; plastic is second; cardboard and wood are the worst. Commonly used moisture-proof techniques include multi-layer sealing, vacuum or air-inflating containers, and desiccants.

(8) Cushion packaging

Buffer packaging refers to a package that has a cushioning effect designed to mitigate the shock and vibration of the product and ensure its appearance and function. The general buffer packaging has a three-layer structure, namely inner goods, middle buffer materials and outer packaging boxes. The buffer material can effectively absorb energy when the external force acts to disperse the force in time to protect the commodity. Buffer packaging according to the characteristics of the characteristics of goods and transport handling conditions, divided into a comprehensive buffer method, part of the buffer method and suspension buffer method. The full buffering method is to fill the cushioning material between the goods and the package, and fully buffer all parts of the goods. Partial cushioning is the application of a cushioning pad at the local or corner of a commodity or inner package. This method does not reduce the buffering effect for some products that have good integrity or allow greater acceleration. It also saves cushioning materials and reduces packaging costs. For fragile or valuable items that are allowed to have a low acceleration, suspension buffering can be used to ensure safety. This method uses a sturdy container overwrap, with the product or inner package (reasonable liner between the product and the inner package) spring-fixed in the center of the outer package container, and the product is protected by the spring buffer to ensure nothing.

(9) Collection packaging

Packaging refers to the combination of several packages or goods into a suitable transport unit or sales unit. From the point of view of commodity sales, collective packaging or combination packaging can save consumers' time for shopping and expand sales. From the perspective of commodity transportation, the collective packaging has the characteristics of safety, speed, simplicity, economy, and efficiency. Common collections are packed in containers and pallets.

1. container.

Containers are the main form of collective packaging. A container is a large container that is designed for turnaround with a fixed size and sufficient strength to be able to load several items of cargo or bulk cargo.

According to the recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization, the container has the following characteristics and technical requirements: 1 The material is strong and durable, with sufficient strength and repeated use. 2 Adapt to various forms of transportation to facilitate the transport of goods. When transported by one or more modes of transport, the goods in the transferable case can be directly exchanged. 3 It is equipped with a special device that is convenient for loading and unloading, and can be quickly loaded and unloaded. It can be directly and easily exchanged from one kind of transportation tool to another. 4 uniform shape, easy loading and unloading at the yard and stacking, can make full use of vehicles, boats, cargo yards and other volumes, while facilitating the loading and emptying of the goods. 5 has a volume of 1 cubic meter or more.

The emergence and development of containers is a revolution in packaging methods and modes of transport. The significance of its emergence for transport is: 1) The container structure is firm, with good sealing and integrity, and it can guarantee the transport safety of packaged goods. 2 It can save packaging costs for packaged goods, simplify tally procedures, reduce operating costs, and reduce transportation costs. 3 It is able to organize intermodal transportation of highways, railways and waterways, enabling rapid loading and unloading, accelerating the turnover of transportation vehicles and reducing the stay of goods in the transportation sector. 4 It can realize the mechanization and automation of loading and unloading art, improve labor productivity, and provide conditions for the modernization of transportation management.

There are many types of containers, and there are four types of materials: steel, aluminum alloy, glass steel, and stainless steel. 1 The steel container has high strength, firm structure, good weldability and watertightness, and low price; however, it is self-contained with a small amount of cargo, is easy to rust, and has a shorter service life. 2 The aluminum alloy container has light weight, no rust, and beautiful appearance. If it is coated on the surface of the board with a special coating, it can prevent seawater corrosion. The service life of aluminum alloy containers is higher than that of steel containers. 3 The FRP container is constructed by installing FRP composite panels on the steel container frame. Its characteristics are high strength, good rigidity, good heat insulation, corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, no rust, easy coloring, and beautiful appearance. . Its disadvantage is self-important, resin aging problems. 4 Stainless steel container has high strength and good corrosion resistance. It does not require maintenance and service during the service period. The use rate is high; however, due to its high price, it restricts its widespread use. With the development of container transportation, different types of containers have appeared in order to accommodate the loading of different types of goods. For example, there are general-purpose containers suitable for daily use; there are open-top containers and flat-type containers suitable for loading large cargoes and heavy goods; there are ventilation containers suitable for loading fresh foods; and they are suitable for perishable foods and liquid chemicals. Tank containers; bulk containers suitable for loading granular, powdered goods; and automobile containers suitable for loading cars.

2. Tray collection packaging.

The pallet collection package refers to a piece of underlay attached to one or a group of goods. The lower corner of the panel forms a socket, which facilitates the insertion of the fork of the forklift, handling, loading and unloading, and stacking operations. The combination of this type of cargo and special pallets is called pallet collection packaging. Tray collection packaging combines the dual role of packaging containers and transportation tools to transform static goods into dynamic goods. The media of things. Its most important feature is to simplify the loading and unloading operations and realize full mechanization. At the same time, it can simplify monomer packaging, save packaging costs, protect product safety, reduce 'loss and pollution, and enable high-level stacking and rational use of storage space. . The trays can be divided into wooden trays, plywood trays, steel trays, aluminum trays, plastic trays, and paper trays. The trays are divided into a flat tray and a non-flat tray according to a combination. The non-flat tray includes a box tray, a pillar tray, and a frame tray. In recent years, the container slide has emerged internationally. It is a new kind of tray. Its role is the same as that of general trays. It is used to pack goods for the purpose of using machinery for loading and unloading operations. The shape of the slider is different from that of a normal tray. It has no socket under the plane of the sheet, but it has a protruding flap in the operating direction to facilitate the operation of the supporting forklift. The slide trays are light, thin, low-cost, and fully functional, so they are currently being developed.

Second, the relevant regulations of commodity packaging

According to relevant records, between the year 600 AD and the year 1000 AD, with the establishment of a commodity measurement system, ancient Greece had early laws and regulations on weight and measurement systems. The purpose was to protect the interests of businessmen and taxes, and at the same time, due to many food products. The poisoning incident has made governments increasingly aware of the importance of formulating relevant laws and regulations. Really attaching importance to the formulation and implementation of commodity laws and regulations is the demand and promotion of the development of the industrial revolution. For example, the 1906 Act was the first US Food and Drug Act made by the U.S. government; it was later revised and supplemented in 1938. And renamed the "Federal Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act," which highlights the safety requirements, not only for drugs. The use of additives in foods and cosmetics has been strictly regulated. At the same time, there have been careful regulations and requirements for the special standards, various fillers, and packaging materials for such products; by 1958, it was further formulated on the basis of subdivision. The "Food Additives Amendment" was issued in 1960 to establish the "Dangerous Goods Transportation Act", which clearly stipulates the packaging requirements in the shipment of dangerous crystals. Subsequently, all relevant laws and regulations were continuously improved.

In the early days of the liberation of China, due to underdeveloped commodity economy,