Chinese fir
Cunninghamia Lanceolata, a genus of the genus Cunninghamia L., a genus of the genus Cunninghamia (Coletal name: Taxodiaceae), a genus of the genus Fir (a Latin name: Cunninghamia). It is a unique fast-growing commodity tree species in China. It grows fast and has good materials. It is cultivated in large quantities at Dafeng Cunning Base. The wood texture is straight, the structure is uniform, and it is not warped or cracked. The wood weight is 0.39, the average number of rings per cm is 3.0, the late wood rate is 22.0%, the dry shrinkage coefficient (volume) is 0.386, and the ultimate compressive strength is 358 kg/cm 2 . The ultimate bending strength is 661 kg/cm 2 and the end face strength is 285 kg/cm 2 . The material is light and tough, the strength is moderate, and the quality coefficient is high. It has a scent, and the material contains "cedar brain", which is resistant to insects and is easy to process. Widely used in construction, furniture, appliances, shipbuilding and other aspects. In recent years, although the small-diameter material market is in a downturn, the sales of medium and large-diameter timber are still good. In the future, it is necessary to cultivate medium-large diameter timber. It flowed into the UK in 1804 and 1844 and grew well in the South of England as a precious ornamental tree. It is cultivated in botanical gardens in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, and Japan. Morphological characteristics Evergreen trees with a height of 30 to 40 meters and a breast diameter of 2 to 3 meters. From the seedlings to the uniaxial branching of the big tree, the trunk is straight and complete. The lateral branches are round and outward, and the saplings are crown-shaped, and the crowns of the trees are conical. The leaves are spirally alternate, and the base of the lateral branches is twisted into 2 rows, linear lanceolate, apex pointed and slightly hard, 3-6 cm long, with fine teeth at the edges, and the stomata lines on both sides of the upper midrib are less than the lower ones. Male bulbs are clustered with branches; female flowers are solitary, or 2 to 3 clusters of branches, ovoid, scales and beads scales combined, scales large, scaly apex 3-lobed, abaxial mask 3 ovule. The cone is nearly spherical or rounded, 2.5 to 5 cm long, 3 to 5 cm in diameter, large in scale, leathery, flat, triangular-shaped, broadly ovate, apex acute, margined with serrate, persistent; Small, shorter than seeds, born in the lower part of the ventral surface of the scales, each scale has 3 flat seeds; the seeds are flat, 6-8 mm long, brown, with narrow wings on both sides and 2 cotyledons. Geographical distribution Chinese fir is a widely distributed timber species in China, east to Zhejiang, Fujian coastal mountainous and Taiwan mountainous areas, west to eastern Yunnan, western Sichuan basin and Anning river basin, south from central Guangdong and central and southern Guangxi, north to south of Qinling, Tongbai Mountain and Dabie Mountain. Within this range, there is a large area of ​​artificial forest of Chinese fir, which is also a mixed forest of Pinus massoniana, Phyllostachys pubescens and other broad-leaved species. The upper limit of vertical distribution of Chinese fir varies from wind and soil, such as below 700m in the Dabie Mountains, below 1000m in Fujian Mountain, and below 2500m in Dali. Our province is mainly distributed in hilly areas below 800. The entire fir distribution area can be divided into three zones. The northern belt is equivalent to the northern subtropical zone of vegetation division, which belongs to the northern margin of Chinese fir. Under the suitable site conditions, the average annual growth of 20-year-old Chinese fir forest can reach 6.0-7.5 cubic meters per hectare. The middle belt is equivalent to the mid-subtropical zone, and its eastern and central parts are the central production areas of Chinese fir, such as the southeastern part of Guizhou, southwestern Hunan, northwestern Guangxi, northern Guangdong, southwestern Jiangxi, northern Fujian, southern Zhejiang, etc. The average annual growth of 20-year-old stands can reach 9-11 cubic meters per hectare, while some small-scale high-yield forests can reach 15-30 cubic meters. The southern belt is equivalent to the southern subtropical zone and belongs to the southern margin of the distribution of Chinese fir. Here the fir grows poorly, only 4 to 8 cubic meters per hectare. Another species of the same genus as Chinese fir, C. konishii, is distributed in Taiwan, China. Requirements for environmental conditions The annual average temperature in the distribution area of ​​Chinese fir is 15-20 °C, the average temperature in January is 1-2 °C, the extreme minimum temperature is -17 °C, the extreme maximum temperature is 40 °C, and the annual precipitation is 800-2000 mm. However, the most suitable climatic conditions for the growth of Chinese fir are: annual average temperature of 16-19 °C, extreme minimum temperature of -9 °C, annual average precipitation of 1300-1800 mm, and uniform distribution, no dry season or dry season no more than 3 months. Chinese fir is more light, but it is slightly resistant to side shadows when young. The soil has higher requirements, and is most suitable for fertile, deep, loose, well-drained soil, and the soil is thin, compact and poorly drained. The main soils in the production area are yellow soil, red soil in the marginal area is yellow brown soil, brick red soil red soil, etc., and the yellow soil conditions are better. Soils developed from acidic and neutral bedrocks, especially slate, shale, sand shale, gneiss, granite or from sloped and collapsed parent materials, as long as they are rich in humus, deep, moist and well drained , are all superior soil conditions. The soils developed from ore, carbonates and residual parent materials are weak due to the shallow soil and poor water and fertilizer retention capacity. The Quaternary red clay and the lower sag loess are not suitable due to lack of organic matter and soil viscosity. Chinese fir grows. From the local topography, the mountains, valleys and shady slopes are generally short in sunshine, large in humidity, small in temperature difference, weak in wind, deep in soil and fertile, which is a suitable environment for the growth of Chinese fir; and the ridge, the upper part of the slope, the sunny slope, due to sunshine Long, large temperature difference, low humidity, strong wind, low soil fertility, and poor growth of Chinese fir. From a wide range of terrain, the rolling hills and hills are more humid than the lonely mountains, and the soil is more fertile, which is more suitable for the growth of Chinese fir. Some famous Chinese fir-producing areas and some high-yield stands of Chinese fir are distributed in mountainous mountains, such as Nanling Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain. The cold tolerance of Chinese fir is greater than its drought tolerance. Therefore, the main factors limiting the growth and distribution of Chinese fir are water and humidity conditions, followed by temperature conditions. Chinese fir is one of the fast-growing tree species. Growth and development characteristics Isolated wood is generally 4 to 7 years old, and trees are late to 7 to 10 years after flowering and fruiting. The highest amount of fruit is produced in 20 to 35 years, and the seed quality is the best. It blooms every March, and the cones mature from October to November. There is a seed harvest every 1 to 4 years. The trunk is straight and the top has obvious advantages. The trunk grows very fast. In its fast-growing stage (4-15 years), the annual growth of the tree can reach 100-150 cm or more and the diameter is 1~2 cm or more. 20 to 30 years can be harvested and utilized; individual fast-growing and high-yield forests can be completed in 15 years. Shoot leaves from March to April every year and end the growth from November to December. The main shoot grows twice in the year, the first from May to June, and the second from September to October. Diameter growth also has two peaks, which are generally consistent with tree height growth. The shape of the trunk depends on site conditions and stand density. The condition of the site is poor and the trunk of the sparse forest or isolated wood is thicker and sharper; while the trunk with good site conditions and dense forest is straight and straight. The germination ability is very strong. From the beginning of the seedling stage, the roots and necks are partially sprouted, and new strips are taken out. The young trees are especially obvious, and often dry clusters are formed. After harvesting, the cutting roots can germinate a large number of new strips, and the sprouting regeneration can last for 2 to 3 generations. Cunninghamia lanceolata is a shallow-rooted tree species with no obvious main roots, developed lateral roots, strong regenerative capacity, but weak penetration. The roots of adult forest trees can be as deep as 2 meters, and the horizontal root width is about 1 times larger than the canopy. The growth and development of the stand can be divided into four stages: 1 sapling stage (2~4 years old): one to two years after planting is the recovery period, and the roots are largely divided, the main shoots grow gradually, the crown begins to expand, and the tree shape begins to take shape. . 2 fast-growing stage (5-15 years old): the high-diameter growth of the tree enters a vigorous period, the root system develops to depth and breadth, the young forest begins to be closed, and the forests compete for the contradiction between fertilizer, water and light, and natural pruning (forest) and differentiation . 3 dry material stage (15-20 years old): rapid growth of the volume, increased proportion of heartwood, slow growth of tree height, natural pruning, large number of pressed wood and eliminated, showing insufficient space and nutrient area. 4 maturity stage (25-30 years old): the tree height growth declines, the volume growth tends to be stable and the quantity is mature, the proportion of heartwood is significantly increased, the material is dense and solid, and it can be harvested and utilized at this time. 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